Obesity in Western Culture Essay

Within our constantly evolving and ever-changing Western world, what is deemed as being deviant has shifted and adapted to suit the norms and values of society at large. Thus, deviancy can be defined as behaviour that violates the normative rules, understandings or expectations of social systems. The issue of obesity has become increasingly prominent within Western society and is deemed as being deviant due to its wide unacceptance throughout society. In applying the ‘Functionalism’ perspective of deviance on obesity, the ways in which society attempts to handle and understand this issue is further outlined and explained. Obesity is a term used to describe body weight that is much greater than what is considered the healthy range. Individuals who are obese have a much higher amount of body fat than is healthy or recommended. Adults with a body mass index (BMI, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) greater than 25 kg/m2 but less than 30 kg/m2 are considered overweight (Insel, Turner, Ross, 2009). The ways in which those who classify as ‘obese’ are perceived and portrayed by society are, within a Western society fixated on image and obsessed with reaching physical ‘perfection’, often negative and highly critical. The media plays a crucial role in shaping the idea’s and values our society holds. As we are constantly bombarded with images of ‘idealistically thin celebrities, it becomes evident that those who do not fit this normality are excluded from social acceptance and pressured into losing weight and fitting in. A recent article in the Sydney Morning Herald stated that; â€Å"while there was sympathy for underweight models because of possible eating disorders, those with overweight body shapes were blamed for not doing something to lose weight† (Gray, 2010). It is evident here that although there is some negativity urrounded with being ‘underweight’, super-thin models and celebrities continue to be represented as acceptable throughout the media, whereas those classified as ‘obese’ are rejected from mainstream society and blamed for not taking the initiative to lose weight. As we concentrate more on what is considered to be ‘physically attractive’, we lose sight of the various biological, genetic, and noncontrollable etiological factors (Puhl, Shwartz, Brownell, 2005) that relate towards obesity. Thus, negative stereotypes and stigmas are placed upon the obese, further strengthening heir label of deviancy. In a recent study conducted by Yale University, the perceived social consensus on attitudes toward obese people was tested. Three experiments were created towards educating the participants on the issue of obesity in hope of reducing the bias stereotypes and stigmas our society has successfully created towards the obese. (Puhl, Shwartz, Brownell, 2005). The study describes how the consensus attitude towards obesity prevents the reduction of stigmatizing and excluding the obese from mainstream society as people in general feel a sense of security and ‘approval’ in following the beliefs of the majority. Thus, if we as a society take greater acknowledgment in the causes of obesity and perhaps even empathize towards those labeled as obese; the idea of obesity as being a form of deviance could potentially shift throughout the long term. The ways in which the ‘obese’ are negative stigma held towards obesity by society at large. According to David F. Williamson of The New England Journal of Medicine (1999), it is crucial that doctors encourage greater weight loss towards obese patients as obese people are â€Å"twice as ikely to die from any cause as people of normal weight. † Society then not only recognizes obese people as being â€Å"obscene, lazy, slothful and gluttonous† (Adler, Adler 2000) but also as ill, and in a sense, ignorant towards the consequences of their poor state of health. As modern technology continues to develop and treatment options further increase, obesity becomes more and more deviant throughout society. Procedures such as ‘liposuction’ are becoming more available, with surgeries having increased 21 5 percent since 1992 (Naisbitt, Naisbitt, Philips 2001). Although ndergoing plastic surgery has not yet attained complete social acceptance, procedures such as liposuction reduce the consequence of the obese being labeled deviant due to their status. In contrast, the way obese people perceive and view themselves is largely impacted by the constant discrimination and criticism carried out by society at large. Although it can be said that in the presence of other obese people there is a greater sense of acceptance and understanding, the self-representation of obese people is generally negative and painful. According to an article on ABC news, one obese female stated hat â€Å"(you feel like) you have no right to exist as you are. Feeling as though this body is an outlaw body’ (Stark, 2004). The majority of obese people often view themselves as outsiders to the social norms of image and feel as though there is a ‘culture of blame’ (AN’, 2008) constantly against them. There have been studies undergone which illustrate the reluctance amongst obese patients to seek preventive health care services due to the embarrassment of their weight, and perhaps even the feeling of being criticized by physicians (Fontaine, Faith, Allison, & Cheskin cited in Puhl, Shwartz, Brownell, 2005). This clearly shows that obese people themselves are not content within their condition and recognize their deviant label within society. Although they inevitably feel the pressure to lose weight, the embarrassment of yet again being Judged and criticized by healthcare professionals prevents them from doing so. The Functionalist approach to deviance can be applied to obesity in many ways. Functionalism was developed by Emile Durkheim and illustrates how the institutes within society function and maintain social equilibrium. A functionalist analysis of eviance begins with looking at society as a whole rather than focusing on the individual. â€Å"It looks for the source of deviance in the nature of society rather than the biological explanations or psychological nature of the individual† (Covington, 1999). In this regard, applying functionalism to obesity becomes difficult as obesity is initially a personal health concern. Both biological and psychological aspects contribute towards obesity which then labels the individual as deviant, proving that rather than focusing on the nature of society at large for explanations on deviancy, it is equally ital to focus on the obese individual to understand their deviant label. Inevitably, this can be recognized as a weakness within the functionalist argument. In contrast, applying functionalism to obesity presents much strength in understanding why education have had to shift and develop in order to combat the obesity epidemic and create greater equilibrium within Western society. Australian schools have recognized the deviant nature of obesity, mainly due to its associated health risks, and have recently began enforcing healthy eating and exercise habits (Hareyan, 006). School systems have recognized that many families are unable to teach their children healthy habits, so have taken upon this role to maintain the social order within society. Alongside this, there has been a vast increase in weight-loss alternatives (rather than simply the gym, or perhaps surgery) to suit the modern, working individual. ‘Quick weight loss pills and detox diets are now more on the market than ever before and are available to anyone willing to pay. Functionalism revolves around creating solutions to maintain social order, and in regards to obesity, any actions have been taken as obesity is seen as a deviant act which disrupts the balanced functioning of society. In conclusion, obesity has been labeled as a deviant act within modern Western society as it violates what the consensus recognizes as ‘normal’ behaviour. It is increasingly less acceptable with those carrying the status left facing the consequences of social Judgment and exclusion. In applying the functionalist theory, the deviant nature of obesity can be further outlined and understood as a problematic issue within contemporary society.

The Current Housing Crisis in Maryland

Abstract The current housing crisis in Maryland has devastated much of the inner city of Baltimore and surrounding counties. The economic collapse of 2008 has left many Maryland residences unemployed or underemployed. The direct impact of the economic collapse has left homeowners wondering how they will pay their mortgages and keep food on the table. Maryland homeowners have been struggling to make ends meet. Some of the issues that are being faced have to do with the predatory lending practices of some mortgage lenders. President Obama signed an agreement to bailout some banks in hope to spare families from losing their homes.Those hopes did not pan out well. There was another bailout of $25 billion dollars allotted in Feb 2012 to help homeowners and reduce mortgages to the principal home values. Thus far the mortgage industry has done as little as possible to hold up their end of that bargain. We need to get educated and hold these predatory lenders accountable. The Current Housing Crisis in Maryland By a show of hands, how many people are in a financially challenging situation with paying their mortgage? Do you know that you may very well be a victim of predatory lending practices?You may be asking yourself what is predatory lending. Some of us are familiar with the term. For those who are not, I will explain what a predatory lender is and the effect they have had on our communities. Predatory lenders and the tactics they use to originate loans with unsophisticated buyers are unfair. We now have predatory legal and rescue services popping up everywhere with the defense that they are here to help us. I intend to provide you with information to free legal services and information to assist in the fight to hold the mortgage lenders accountable for what they are doing.I am a Baltimore City resident who is upside down in my mortgage. I owe more on my home than it is worth in today’s market. I am currently in the fight to have my mortgage lender do what is right by lowering my principle home value to a fair market price. I currently owe double what my home is worth. Many of us are upside down, have high interest rates or are currently in foreclosure. We are looking for relief from the banks that don’t seem to care much about where our families will sleep once we lose our homes. We need to embarrass them for the way they are treating minorities and low-moderate income families.Predatory lending practices are a huge contributing factor in the current economic crisis. Many families lost income and the home values have been declining drastically. Saving our homes from foreclosure is the main focus of many families in Maryland. I intend on exposing predatory lending practices that homeowners may not be aware of. The lack of strong regulations in Maryland has allowed unscrupulous mortgage lenders to take advantage of unsophisticated homeowners. Predatory lending has had a devastating effect on individuals and families.The term  "predatory lending† has been used to describe a broad range of loans that are not common in the prime market. These loans do not offer any benefit to the borrower. Some of the most common predatory practices are: †¢Excessive fees and points †¢Ignoring borrower’s ability to repay †¢Balloon payments †¢Interest only loans †¢Excessive interest rates †¢Concealing the true cost of the loan Federal regulators have warned banks that non-traditional mortgages such as interest-only loans may lead to a rash of defaults when the principal must be paid or interest rates increase.With such loans, the homeowners are not paying towards the principal on the loan, only the interest. Interest rate increases could have a devastating effect on the mortgage payment monthly. Adjustable rates have the same devastating effect on homeowners. The interest rate is not guaranteed and could fluctuate greatly on a per month basis. With adjustable mortgage loan terms home owners have no clue on what the loan would eventually cost them. This lending practice is a â€Å"set up to fail† proposition. Underemployment and lack of employment has been the peripheral nail in the coffin for many Maryland families.Many families have lost at least one household income and a few have lost both incomes. Income loss combined with the volatile housing market has crushed the American Dream for many homeowners. People who were able to find work after economic crisis, had to take drastic pay cuts which were not adequate to support their current needs. With the economic downturn families are left to pay for homes they cannot afford. This crisis occurred when the mortgage bubble burst. Many homes were being sold for much more than their fair market value.Once the bubble burst the home value depreciation was steep and sharp. People lost 20-40% of the equity in their homes. Although there are many programs available to help homeowners, the majority of them are unabl e to help homeowners who are under water on the mortgage due to the lost equity in their homes. Some foreclosures are voluntary. When the bubble burst, homeowners found themselves owing 100,000s more than the homes were worth. Those homeowners decided that paying off the mortgage was indeed a bad deal. So they just walked away from the properties.The new dagger in homeowners back is the rise in property taxes. The city government needs money so they have raised the taxed values of homes to bring in more money regardless if the home values are decreasing. Homeowners are losing their homes because their mortgage payments did not include an escrow for homeowners insurance and taxes. Once a homeowner becomes delinquent on their property taxes, they have to pay the past due amount in addition to the current amount due. For the Maryland residence that find themselves in foreclosure, please seek assistance sooner than later.Maryland laws do not demand that you are notified of the Intent to foreclose. Within your originating loan documents you signed either a â€Å"power of sale† or â€Å"assent to decree† which essentially is an ex parte order to sell your property if you are in default. In addition, the predatory lenders make it impossible to become current again once the mortgage is in default. They can add servicing fees such as late fees, force placed insurance, inspection fees, etc. to make it difficult to bring the account current. We as homeowners have the right to stay in our homes.Homes we have cared for over the years. The banks should not have the right to evict us without improving the foreclosure process so we have better and earlier notice and the opportunity to redeem prior to significant costs being incurred. They should reduce the loan principle to the fair market value, adjust interest rates and reevaluate the financial situation of the homeowners. The mortgage industry did a disservice to many of the homeowners in the room. Many of us were uninformed about the repercussions and pitfalls involved with interest only, variable rates and balloon payment loans.Predatory lending practices contributed directly to the economic crisis of the mortgage industry in Maryland. I would like to provide information to several pro bono legal services and housing resources: Pro Bono Resources Center of Maryland. (410)837-9379 or toll free (800)396-1274 www. probonomd. org 1. Civil Justice, Inc. www. civiljusticenetwork. org 2. Public Justice Center (410) 625-9409 for tenants who landlords are in foreclosure 3. Community Law Center (410) 366-7777 www. communitylaw. org 4. Maryland Hope (877) 462-7555 www. mdhope. dhcd. maryland. gov 5.Foreclosure Proceedings in Maryland (Brochure): http://www. msba. org/departments/commpubl/publications/brochures/foreclosure. htm There has been an ongoing investigation into the banking fraud and predatory lending scandal. President Obama signed another bailout of $25 billion dollars in Feb 2012 to help homeowners and reduce principle mortgage values. The bailout involved Bank of America, Citigroup, Wells Fargo, Ally Financial and JPMorgan Chase. Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae have yet to come on board however they do offer some homeowner assistance with modification of term and underwater loans.Many look at the bailout as another opportunity to reward the banks for the wrong doing they have done to the citizens and many communities. I was able to look at the bigger picture. This is a way to monitor how many loans are modified and how many principle values are reduced. By providing the bailout this time around there were defined stipulations as to what the funds are to be used for. North Carolina’s Banking Commissioner Joseph Smith will serve as the â€Å"independent monitor† to enforce the deals and their terms. The bailout does very little for the people who have already lost their homes. They are eligible to receive up to $2000.

He Desire to Change the Subservient Role Essay

The Desire to Change the Subservient Role of Women in Old Chinese Society Chinese women stayed in an unequal status with men in old Chinese Society. Shen Congwen’s â€Å"Xiao Xiao† and Ding ling’s â€Å"When I Was in Xia Village† are two stories about village women’s lives during modern time in China. The stories in both of these works present an important traditional Chinese belief that it is profitable to raise geese than to raise daughter. In â€Å"Xiao Xiao†, she is a twelve-year-old girl who is married with a two-year-old husband, Chunguan, and as his caretaker in her youth. While â€Å"When I was in Xia Village† is a period when narrator spends his/her time in Xia village and make friends with a village girl Zhenzhen. She is sent to Japan to spy Japanese government after she is raped by Japanese soldiers. When she goes back village due to her disease, people look down upon her and laugh at her. Finally she runs away from Xiao Dabao’s propose and seeks for a fresh life in city. Xiaoxiao and Zhenzhen have something in common that they are both independent-minded woman; also they are from village and ever desired to live in city to find new life and to have education; they live under the tradition of gender discrimination in old China. While their experiences are different, and, at the end, Zhenzhen is seeking for her new life in another place, yet we see Xiaoxiao and her husband’s family is still within traditions in their small village. In men’s world, women are like a tool which they can use to make their life good, but we see some of women have desire to change their subservient role to become independent in Chinese society. Xiaoxiao and Zhenzhen are independent-minded women compared to other women at that time in Chinese society. They are not afraid of break down the present life and live in their owns. When Xiaoxiao’s grandpa and other relatives make joke on her about figuring out her should become a coed when she grows up. Then she has thinking that how coeds’ life is, â€Å"†¦she felt vague stirrings of unrest, and took to imagining herself as a ‘coed’. Would she behave like the ‘coed’ Grandfather talked about? In any case, there was nothing frightful about these ‘coeds’ and so these notions began to occupy this smile girl’s thoughts for the first time† (Shen 86). Although the author does not mention Xiaoxiao’s desire to become a coed directly in the story, I feel that Xiaoxiao wants to have a different life from her present life as a caretaker in village. She is young and hopes her life to be colorful and meaningful. After her stomach gets bigger, she wants to have a new life in city, â€Å"After a while, Xiaoxiao would finger her snakelike black braid, and, thinking of life in the city, she said: ‘Brother Motley, why don’t we go where we can be free in the city and find work there? What do you say? ’† (Shen 91). She knows if she keeps living with her husband’s family, she would go to dead. No more clearly than herself that she knows her situation is worse. If she elopes with Brother Motley, she could be same as those coeds in the school and live her own life with a normal marriage. Obviously, Xiaoxiao has her idea what her life she wants. In â€Å"When I was in Xia Village†, Zhenzhen is an independent-mind woman as well. Even though she has been raped and treated unrespectable. Zhenzhen does not care about surrounding people’s misunderstandings. For others’ sneer, she thinks she need to find another life but not surrender to marry Xiao Dabao, so she said to narrator â€Å"I feel that living among strangers and keeping busy would be better than living at home where people know me†¦ It’s better for each of us to go our own separate ways than it is to have everyone stay together in one place. I’m doing this for myself, but I’m doing it for the others â€Å" (Ding 146). Just like Xiaoxiao, Zhenzhen wants a new life in city and to start over. She hopes in a new place where not many people know her, so she could start over, â€Å"A person’s life is not just for one’s father and mother, or even for oneself. Some have called me young, inexperienced, and bad-tempered. I don’t dispute it. There are some things that I just have to keep to myself† (Ding 146). From these two stories, Xiaoxiao and Zhenzhen are two women who have their own thought instead of under control of traditions. Xiaoxiao and Zhenzhen have the same desire which moving from village to city. On one hand, Xiaoxiao wants to escape from her offence, on the other hand, she has desire to have sex with a real man, she cannot wait her little husband to grow up when she is twenty years old. So she cheats on her little husband â€Å"involuntarily† on surface. In addition, her husband’s families take her in but she never drops the idea to be like a coed, â€Å"One day, word spread that the coeds were back again. When Xiaoxiaoheard this, she eyes stared out unseeing, as if in a daze, her gaze fixed on the eastern horizon for some time† (Shen 93). She bent on joining the coeds on their way to the big city in search of freedom, unfortunately she is discovered. I guess Xiaoxiao does not have any ideas about having education in the city; she just has to get away from village. However, from her grandpa’s description on coed, she is interested in coed’s life and she thinks if she becomes a member of coed, she has holidays and does not need to do farm works. Zhenzhen is different. Although she is from village too, she has live in Japan many years. So she knows she goes to city because she wants a bright future and escape the sad village then to be educated in order to get a job with other communists, â€Å"What I do feel is that after I go to [Yan’an], I’ll be in a new situation. I will be in a new situation. I will be able to start life fresh† (Ding 146). Their movements illustrate that new Chinese women are changing people’s views and have sense of education is more and more important. Life in city is realistic and bright for them. Gender roles is very similar between â€Å"Xiaoxiao† and â€Å"When I Was in Xia Village†, they both present that women stand subservient role in society. Starting from Xiaoxiao’s marriage, her marriage is arranged by her uncle when she is only twelve. People at that time set this tradition because they think girl is useless because daughters will be others’ sooner or later, so it is better to send her earlier to save family’s food. To the bride’s family, accept a girl into their family is not only a way to take care of children, but also add a worker to help farming as a free labor. That’s why to be contrast with other female students in town, Xiaoxiao is adulterer. To punish Xiaoxiao’s cheating on her husband and families, Xiaoxiao is arranged to wait for her second marriage but no one come. Nevertheless, Xiaoxiao is lucky that her child turns out is a boy; she does not have to be married off after all. This tradition does not change after Xiaoxiao, then her son who is ten-year-old and have his wedding ceremony. Women in tradition could not hold any position of power. In the other story, people in Xia village are uneducated, so when Zhenzhen came back from Japan, they laughed at her and think she is dirty. Women have physical disadvantage than man, therefore, chastity becomes extremely crucial especially at that time. People in the village can not understand her grievance, this is one of the reason why Zhenzhen wants to go to [Xi’an] where most people are educated, at least not so care about her background. No matter from which aspect, Xiaoxiao and Zhenzhen seems like a tool in men ruled the world. Xiaoxiao is portrayed as â€Å"object† sold from a place to another. She could not have her own happiness because she belongs to her husband’s family. Zhenzhen looks like more freedom than Xiaoxiao physically, but in fact, she is slaved by internal. Something she cannot shake off is her hatred and interiority, â€Å"†¦in a very calm voice, she said, ‘I can’t say that I hate him. I just feel now that I’m someone who’s diseased. It’s a fact that I was abused by a large number of Jap devils. I don’t remember that exact number. In any case, I’m unclean, and with such a black mark I don’t expect any good fortune to come my way†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Ding 146). Zhenzhen is used to her reputation and body to help Chinese government but at the end, she could not get any sympathy. These things always happened to women, but not men. In conclusion, Xiaoxiao and Zhenzhen are two uneducated women living in old Chinese society where unbalanced gender roles and old traditions exist. They both from village and dream to move to city meanwhile they have â€Å"sins† could not be excused. Through their different experience, they have similarities that they both independent-minded to change their lives to take education in big city. The ending of stories are different that Zhenzhen’s regardless of objection enable her goes to city as she wants, but Xiaoxiao still stays in village and keeps her original life. In old Chinese society, woman is absolutely not profitable than men. So people use women like a functional object to help working or take care of family. I think women are living a hard life and very powerless in society. Even thought they want to take education to change their lives, reality makes them difficult. However, women play many different roles which cannot be ignored. The authors express their thought and show the current situation through these good works.

Commercialisation of Research Findings in Malaysia Article

Commercialisation of Research Findings in Malaysia - Article Example ient which need to be immediately taken into consideration in order to compete profitably in the global scenario (National Economic Advisory Council, â€Å"New Economic Model for Malaysia†). Furthermore, the study of science and technology is crucial for the growth and development of the industries as well as the entire nation. The emerging markets across the world, particularly in Asia are continuously striving to innovate and introduce new products and new services. Hence, for the firms in emerging markets such as India, China and Malaysia, it is important to make considerable investments in research and development (R&D) and effectively initiate R&D outcome at the marketplace for sustaining their competiveness against the developed market firms of America and Japan. At the same time, it is essential for the policy-makers of these emerging market countries to recognize innovation and commercialization as one of the vital issues which needs to be critically addressed for ensuring thriving economic performance (Lester, â€Å"Universities, Innovation, and The competitiveness of Local Economies: Summary Report from the Local Innovation Project — Phase I†).. In the recent times, Malaysia and other developing nations have engaged in following certain strategic approaches for effectively utilizing innovation as one of the sources for growth and development. Over the years, it has been apparent that Malaysia has firmly been focusing its efforts towards transforming itself as an innovation-based economy. Evidently, there has been dramatic shift in terms of information, knowledge and innovation in the past few years. Nonetheless, shift in creativity and innovation alone cannot be regarded as enough for maintaining competiveness in the highly dynamic socio-economical environment. Therefore, emphasizing on research and development and introducing research results effectively at the market is essential for remaining viable in the present highly competitive market.

What would you do if you knew someone was not inspecting an aircraft Essay

What would you do if you knew someone was not inspecting an aircraft properly (a mechanic or pilot) How would you handle it as a manager What about as a co-worker - Essay Example I will make sure that this issue does not remain subdued but receives as much attention on the part of the higher authorities as possible (Tsang 2003). This is a very important thing and one should be on guard to report such basic mistakes that the mechanics and pilots commit on and off. As a co-worker, I would also do the same thing. I would speak to the mechanic or the pilot later but before that report the same anomaly to the higher authorities because it is my ethical responsibility and I must guarantee that I come equal to it no matter how difficult or strenuous the circumstances and situations turn out to be. In essence, my focus would be on maintaining close ties with my seniors so that no issues creep up at a later stage. These mistakes can cause fatal aircraft problems and thus proper care and attention must be paid beforehand to avoid any such mistakes and

Stakeholder theory and Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words - 1

Stakeholder theory and Strategy - Essay Example Subsequently, the study elucidates how significant stakeholder relationships are in a firm’s enduring existence and survival. Likewise, the paper attempts to concisely illustrate the importance of firms’ employing stakeholder management in their day-to-day operations at the same time succinctly presents how the use of stakeholder analysis can advance corporation efficiency and facilitate a corporation’s effectual policy/decision-making. For the investigation’s methodology, it makes use of the qualitative research employing the interpretivist/inductive stance mode of inquiry. It then concludes with the premise that stakeholders can provide the firm with access to the resources and capabilities that they own, create, and control only if the corporation promotes the stakeholders’ interests or stakes and thus offers the stakeholders opportunities for achieving their objectives. This premise directly follows from the dynamics that create organizations stating that an organization is an amalgamation of people who interact with each other in particular and often repeated ways over some period of time. To attract people to its activities and thereby to assure its continued existence, an organisation must bring some form of benefit—whether psychological, social, cultural, professional, or economic —to the people who participate in its activities. The word stakeholder is compellingly authoritative (Phillips, Freeman, & Wicks, 2003) due to its all-inclusive and at the same time logical depiction of how organizations conduct their business and day-to-day existence. In his pioneering work, Freeman (1984) recommended a stakeholder method to strategic management, inferring that it is imperative for organisations to pay attention to those who affect and are affected by the corporate actions. From that time on, stakeholder theory has become a ‘middle-of-the-road’

Getting a New Business off the Ground Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Getting a New Business off the Ground - Essay Example Additionally, since there is a potential for product liability for Joan in the aviation parts industry, Joan is legally responsible for any damages her defective products may cause. As a sole proprietorship, she absorbs these responsibilities personally, which could pose a large problem should a case arise where she is blamed for her product’s malfunction. For tax purposes, the tax rate imposed on Joan’s business is determined by the personal income tax rate of the owner. So, the sole proprietor of a business does not pay taxes apart from, or separate from, the owner. As such, this tax benefit forms one advantage of operating the business as a sole proprietor (Mauro, 2004). 2. To protect her client from liabilities incurred by the business, Joan’s attorney might recommend a limited liability company (or LLC). The LLC model shields Joan from any blame incurred by the business. So, if some product she manufactures malfunctions on a plane, she cannot be held personally responsible for those who suffer from the malfunction; in that case, it is just the company that is financially and legally responsible for the error. Her attorney may also suggest a corporation, which is a legal entity with its own liabilities and privileges separate from those of its members. A corporation may make more sense than a limited liability company if Joan hopes to expand her business to a larger scale, and if she can persuade investors to help grow her base of business. Like a LLC, a corporation shields Joan from the company’s liabilities and debts (Moye, 2004). 3. Her attorney may suggest liability insurance, which is an insurance system that can protect Joan from the risks of liabilities imposed by lawsuits. If Joan’s company were to be accused of negligence or error in manufacturing its aviation parts and brought to court in a civil suit, Joan’s liability insurance would

Drug Use and Acquisitive Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Drug Use and Acquisitive Crime - Essay Example This is to to judge whether participation in property-related acquisitive crimes (in particular, shoplifting) can or can not be linked to HHC and other drug based use. These studies have pertained to the subjective and objective justifications or rationalisations behind the participation of the subjects in property-related acquisitive crimes. There is also then an attempt by these researchers to establish the nature and extent of this link. The paper concludes by assessing the views on both sides of the debate and suggesting a way forward. Illicit drug use and substance abuse has become a dominant political and security concern over the past few decades. Academics and criminologists have not only identified the problem as being based around crime, dependency and ill-health but have studied the historical and pathological trends in the "problem" and the roles of the medical and legal responses and policy frameworks in this regard. ( Barton, A. 2003) . This has of course included the complex nature and broad impact illicit drug use has carried with it.The problem should be understood in its wider criminological perspective i.e. that given the illicit nature of drug use the typical recreational or casual user will avoid approaching the state agency for treatment for the fear that the law may treat him harshly.This has called for a need to have organisations that are " non-threatening and non-judgemental". (Barton, A. 2003).Academics have also stressed on the role of outreach workers in this regard and the perception gaps between state agencies and voluntary agencies as they are perceived by drug-using clients. Gilling and Barton (2005) citing Barton .A (2003) have stated that this "perception gap has increased recently given the encroachment of the criminal justice system into the treatment aspect of drug users". Acquisitive Crime In order to understand the relationship between Drug Use and Acquisitive Crime it is worth looking at the meaning and context of what is actually encompassed by the term "Acquisitive crime". According to the Home Office definition this category covers " property crime" thus bringing with in its ambit Theft, Burglary, Motor Vehicle Crime, Fraud and Counterfeiting etc.The most important of these to the present discussion from a criminological and statistical perspective are Burglary,Vehicle Related Crime and Retail Crime due to their correlation with drug and substance abuse and illicit use of drugs.Infact the link between drugs and crime is overall the premise of Government policy on Crime prevention.This can be seen from the recent Home office research(ADAM 1999-2002) which has actually demonstrated a 'statistical link' between levels of illicit drug use and Acquisitive crime a view shared by many academics like Holloway, K., Bennett, T. & Lower, C. (2004) and Baron.A (2003).The rese arch (ADAM 1999-2002) pertained to the interviews of offenders involved in drug use in relation to their tendencies to commit crimes like burglary, shoplifting and fraud and it was revealed that over three fourth of these offenders confessed to committing one or more of these acquisitive crimes over the past one year and this was particularly

Women on US Navy Submarines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Women on US Navy Submarines - Essay Example As people evolve and change, these roles can also adapt and change with the culture of the people. There are basic physical difference between men and women, but socially and mentally, these differences should not effect how we one sex acts or is thought to act one way or another. However, with this being said, the recent battle over women working on submarines has stirred quite a controversy again over the age old fight between man and woman. Who should decide where the line between equality and too much is drawn And if a woman cannot do the job as well as a man, should she still be allowed to do it simply for the face of equality "The US Navy argues it would cost $300,000 per bunk to permit women to serve on submarines", but yet even simply economics can't stop people from arguing for women onboard subs (Submarine) Defense experts have also quoted the numbers as much as "4 Million Each" to make the repairs needed for the subs( Dougherty). The fact is simple and clear however when it comes to women working on submarines. Due to the myriad of problems that arise with women onboard a submarine, it is simply not fair to the safety of our nation to admit women aboard submarines, even if it is in the name of "equality". "Women on subs is a terrible idea. The Navy's highest-ranking admirals are strongly opposed" speaks Phyllis Schlarfly ( Schlafly ). Schlarfly goes on to explain the tight living quarters in the subs, and how life is no walk in the park down there, and room is already cramped. He explains that "The ship alterations necessary to accommodate women on subs would further reduce living standards or, alternatively, make it necessary to remove operational equipment. These millions of dollars would be spent just to please the civilian feminists in the Pentagon, not to improve readiness or morale" (Schlafly). Simply stated, the simply physical limitations of the subs could not withstand the addition of women on board, let alone would it be able to make enough room for them and the ample technology that is needed on board as well. We could have women on our subs, but at the expense of having less well armed submarines and sub-par technology on board. And I don't think that it is a risk we shou ld be willing to take. Another columnist Michael DiMercurio added his expertise to the matter stating that "After arriving at the Academy, it was clear to see that the women had lower physical standards, which seemed absurd when we were preparing for combat. At an institution where the unofficial motto was, "if the minimum weren't good enough, it wouldn't be the minimum," suddenly there was a special exception for girls - a shorter wall on the obstacle course, longer time to run the mile, fewer chinups. It might sound petty, but back then these were the things that defined the difference between passing and being kicked out of the Academy. In 1976, we woke up one morning to find that the women's lower obstacle course wall had been painted hot pink, with a "Woman Power" fist superimposed. The culprits of that "recon raid" were never brought to justice" (DiMercurio). And while DiMecrurio concludes that he felt women should be allowed in, I believe his tales at the Academy show that women simply do not have the same physical make up that men do, and are thus less prepared for combat intensive situations like submarines. Would we let a sub-par man work our subs Of course we wouldn't, but we would let a women get in at lower standard levels

Is it the End of the Nature Versus Nurture Debate Essay

Is it the End of the Nature Versus Nurture Debate - Essay Example As observed by France De Waal (1999), the contribution of nature has been enormous and may be justified by advancements in neural sciences. He concludes that the nature V nurture debate must be given new direction. Similarly, Eric Parens (1996) supported the view of remarkable role of behavioral genetics in human behavior and hence he favors the nature theory and seeks to continue the nature V nurture debate. However, Steven Pinker (2004) was of opinion that nature and nurture wont go away and he feels that there will be interaction among several factors of both environment and nature. In this context, all researchers have however agreed that the nature V nurture debate will have political and ideological implications and hence the discussion should be properly regulated. Though it is not proper to state that the nature V nurture debate should be completely abandoned, reorientation of the subject mater is highly needed. Initially support has come to Social Darwinism that is a doctrine based on genetic determinism and natural selection, advocating a laissez-faire capitalist economy and promoting eugenics, racism and the inherent inequality of such a society. Mendel’s laws of genetics and inheritance also supported the theory of nature for human behavior. After 1945, the debate swung in favor of "nurture", with American psychologists taking up a rhetoric of environmental influences on behavior, emphasizing the learning process. In turn, the European school of ethology arose in opposition to the environmentalists, focusing on innate behavior which is of genetic origin. In 1960s in the USA, views were highly favoring nurture theory as all people are capable of producing better performance if given conducive environmental conditions in which to rea ch their potential. Since beginning, psychology was focused as major subject for explaining the nurture theory for human

Brazilian Racial Politics Essay Example for Free

Brazilian Racial Politics Essay The reading provided, extracted from Orpheus and Power by Michael George Hanchard, critiques the Race vs. Class Paradigm that is widespread in the Brazilian society. By weaving together some works of the more renowned analysts and sociologists of the topic, he highlights two main things: firstly, the salient points of their claims and secondly, the faults in their arguments. By comparing and contrasting two schools of thought on the issue, Class-based and Structuralist, he points out certain weaknesses and the glaring irreconcilability of such thought when applied to the trends in Brazilian economic society. The subject of Race and Class and their contributions into creating a society wherein oppression has been structured into policy has fueled many debates, much of them still ongoing. While there has not been any theoretical consensus reached, a characteristic that is always attendant in the field of academia, there is however, a fortunate by-product in that it has broadened the body of current knowledge to embrace other topics into the discussion such as modes of production and social inequality. It is also interesting to note that the post-World War II era, as represented by the works of Oliver Cox and Stanley Greenberg, show the minimum agreement between scholars that race, at the very least, plays cuts an integral figure in structuring the oppressive social inequality. This makes for a broader, richer and more interesting scholarly debate. Hanchard begins the comparison with a discussion on Economic Determinism and the study of the Negro population in Brazilian society through the written work of one Florestan Fernandes, Democracia Racial. Fernandes describes the relationship between the â€Å"White elites† and the â€Å"Negroes† in Brazilian society as a situation where the former â€Å"limit themselves to treating the Negro with tolerance, maintaining the old ceremonial politeness in inter-racial relationships and excluding from this tolerance any true egalitarian feeling or content. † (Hanchard 32) By articulating the â€Å"hegemonic position† of the White population over the Black one, he more than hinted at the absence of racial democracy in Brazilian society. Fernandes’ analyzed the racial interaction of the society a pivotal time in economic Brazilian history. The importance of his written work may largely be attributed the perfect timing of it. His deconstructions and analysis of Brazilian society then, through interviews and the gathering of empirical data, did much to further the study of Brazilian racial relations. Moreover, his role and significant importance to the field is further underscored by the fact that he was the first to analyze the linkage between race and class in the context of Brazilian socio-economic development. He claimed that the Brazilian Blacks were â€Å"exploited both during and after slavery by uncaring whites†. However, in a turn-about, he concludes that the Afro-Brazilian is â€Å"dysfunctional, suffering from anomie, hopelessness and immorality† and lacked a sense of discipline and responsibility that made them pale in comparison to Italian immigrants for competition in the labour markets. Hanchard, however, took issue with this particular conclusion and rebutted by emphasing the failure of Fernandes’ missed or misappreciated the important fact that the intervention of big landowners and government officials played a crucial role in creating a marketplace that preferred Southern European immigrants. In essence, Fernandes’ approach fails is that his discussion of the Negro social movement was confined to issues of racial inequality where race itself was autonomous and not an economic variable nor indicator. George Reid Andrews, by using an approach offered by Greenberg, refutes Fernandes’ claims and forwards his own. Andrews’ approach fares better than the previously discussed one of Fernandes’ to the extent that he explored the â€Å"collusion between the state government and landowners to foster economic development† by subsidizing European immigration creating a rocky playing field where the Blacks were the destined losers. He then claims that although slavery played the role of a detrimental catalyst in Brazilian socio-economic development, it is but one of many factors to the displacement of Afro-Brazilian workers. He considered state intervention more critical in that policy itself structured the economic oppression by the doling out of development funds in a very preferential treatment to European immigrant workers. Thus, he introduced a very important aspect into the debates; that of the material dimension of race and how it structures state policies. At this junction, the theoretical wars began to include a different perspective: Structuralist. As the third generation of race relations, this school of thought rebuts and debunks the racial democracy myth proposed by their predecessors. Carlos Hasenblag and Nelson Do Valle Silva are two of the most prominent figures in this approach that does not treat race and class as being on opposing ends of the same spectrum but rather they situated racial inequality at the very heart of socio-economic relations and the development and trends of the labour market. Harchand, however, critically points out that although there was a discussion of racial inequality, there was virtually no explanation offered how such inequality id politically constructed or even contested. â€Å"Despite the conceptual differences between the Reductionists and Structuralists, the tendencies seemed to concur about one crucial dimension of Brazilian race relations; a dimension that seemed to distinguish Afro-Brazilians from their US counterparts: a lack of collective awareness of themselves as a subordinated racial group. † (Hanchard 41) By analyzing the theories at hand, one thing is clear: the need for a better-tailored conceptual framework to be used as a guide for racially equal policy making. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS: 1. In an effort to stop the mentality of finger-pointing to the dominant white, what has the different Afro-Brazilian social movements done, or at least attempted to bring about, in order to correct the racial inequality with regard to economic policy and labour markets? 2. What are some concrete state policies, like the Black Economic Empowerment Movement of South Africa, that can correct this historical injustice?

Power And Powerlessness Essay Example for Free

Power And Powerlessness Essay When I hear the word power many thoughts come to mind, but I feel power has many different forms. We could assume that power means more money, a bigger title, a corner office, a more generous budget, or â€Å"a seat at the table†. But that may not be true for everyone. For some, power may mean having the ability to control one’s career destiny in keeping with personal values and interests. Or power could mean having the opportunity to be creative as a project lead without too much interference from others. Or power could mean making decisions with trust and autonomy, such that no one can easily override your decisions. To me, power is control and the capacity to bring about change. For example, the United States government, they control everything and also other countries. Our government has the power to create and print money, regulate interstate and international trade, make treaties and conduct foreign policies, declare war, provide an army and navy, establish post offices, and make laws necessary to carry out these powers. In addition to their elusive powers, both the national government and state governments share the power of being able to; collect taxes, build roads, borrow money, establish court’s, make and enforce laws, charter banks and corporations, spend money for general welfare, and take private property for public purposes. Power is also acquired through possession or acquisition of the following resources: authority, money, status, knowledge, professional degrees, goods, services, votes, public support, information, ability to influence the media, and relationships with powerful people. Power can be derived from one’s authority to make decisions in organization s or by virtue of one’s gender, ethnicity, social class, or personal attributes, such as appearance and charisma. People often acquire power by establishing alliances and coalitions with others to support or oppose various policies or decision-making options. Workers in social service organizations also acquire power because they often decide whether individual clients receive services, resources, or referrals. But how would it feel to not have power, a sensation of being out of control with no apparent solution to help you to regain control, powerlessness. When the lack of capability to affect the realities of life that you can’t control such as; how others act towards you, if you will get a job you want, what the weather will be like, or if an accident will occur. Powerlessness can be simply defined as the absences of power resources. However, the â€Å"Mother of empowerment practice, Barbara Solomon (1976), defines powerlessness as a product of the interaction between individuals and the social structures that limit life opportunities for them: Powerlessness is defined here as the inability to manage emotions, skills, knowledge, and/or material resources in a way that effective performance of valued social roles will lead to pe rsonal gratification. The power deficiency so often seen among minority individuals and communities stems from a complex and dynamic interrelationship between the person and his relatively hostile social environment. When you feel powerless, you feel afraid to express your needs because you fear that what little you have will be taken from you. You may have learned powerlessness if you were kept in powerless positions repeatedly and/or over long periods of time, possibly during childhood, by those who used external forces (money, physical strength, legal status, and/or military force) to control you. You may have been abused as a child, a partner or spouse, an employee, a soldier, or you may have been the victim of racial or ethnic attacks. Such prolonged abuse can cause you to become afraid to feel even your own needs, to admit to yourself that you need something, you become immobilized and in certain critical ways you stop growing, you cease to thrive. When powerlessness is learned, it becomes self-perpetuating, even if the external forces are no longer there. An abused child may grow up to feel permanently powerless as an adult, even though his or her parents no longer have physical or economic power over him or her. One may then enter into a situation that repeats childhood experiences such as; living with or marrying an abusive partner, and therefore keeping oneself in externally imposed danger. Or one may keep oneself down through self-abuse, compulsive behaviors, and depression because the powerlessness has become internalized. The first step to overcoming learned powerlessness is to learn to feel entitled to your personal rights. You have the right to live a life free from physical, emotional, sexual, and financial mistreatment. You have the right to be treated with respect, to earn a livable income, to be informed of matters that affect you, and to express yourself freely, without harming others. Most importantly, you have the right to ask for what you need, even though you may be turned down, and to fight for what you need and want, even if you are turned down. Most people who have learned powerlessness barely feel entitled to speak, let alone to speak freely. Often professional therapy is necessary to overcome the ingrained patterns. Never the less, to overcome learned powerlessness, you must gradually, but persistently lay claim to each and every human right, one after the other. The purpose of the empowerment approach is to help people overcome feelings powerlessness by acquiring power. Mondros and Wilson (1994) differentiate power from â€Å"empowerment† by arguing that this second concept is actually a psychological state that â€Å"allows one to pursue concrete activities aimed at becoming powerful.† The literature on empowerment in organizations focuses on two distinct categories of organizations actors: program beneficiaries and staff members. Rapp, She ra, and Kisthardt (1993) define empowerment in individual clients as; confidence, control, decision authority, influence, autonomy, and self-trust.† According to Shera and Page (1995), empowerment of employees in organizations can be defined as, â€Å"a process of enhancing self-efficacy among organizational members through the identification of conditions that foster powerlessness and through their removal by both formal organizational practices and informal techniques that provide efficacy information.† Empowerment in the social services can take place within the context of relationships between workers and clients, within the organization’s formal decision-making structure, and within the contact between the organization and institutions or groups in its external environment. It should be noted that empowerment in organizations involves the redistribution of resources such as decision-making authority or goods and services. Therefore, in addition to producing specific outcomes, empowerment is a political process. Staff members may feel they will lose power and authority to make service decisions if clients are treated as equal partners in the decision-making process. Because one of the primary assumptions of empowerment in direct social work practice is to reduce feelings of powerlessness by increasing personal self-perceptions of one’s own power, the model focuses on facilitating the acquisition of leadership skills and actual political power among agency clientele. Staff members also acquire power through participation in organizational decision-making and by advocating for improvements in organizational policies and services. The organization gains political power as constituents become empowered to advocate for changes in government policies and campaign for meaningful social change. In conclusion, power, powerlessness, and empowerment all have a different meaning and serve a different purpose but each one has a powerful meaning in its own way.

The Principles Of Relationship Building Children And Young People Essay

The Principles Of Relationship Building Children And Young People Essay Effective communication plays vital role in developing positive with children, young people and adults. To build a positive relationship with children, young people and adults. As a TA you have to model the positive and effective communication skills between you and your other peers. You can do this by approaching and responding in positive communication, making the children feel comfortable in your presence or while you are supporting them. The effective communication is important for developing positive relationship with a child can often take sometimes. In my practice we reinforce this by greeting the children with smile, good morning and asking how are you? We also use Makaton signs while greeting. We also give chance to children to tell anything they want share with us. Its good that while you are talking with children get down to their level and give the positive response while communicating to children. If you are communicating with reception children, use short sentences and easy words. Build a relationship with by children by asking their favourite this, make an eye contact as this will boost the confidence of the child. As when the child or young people feel relaxed they will the child education and development. Explain the principles of relationship building with children, young and adults. (1.2) In my view all good relationships are built on warmth, caring, mutual respect and a willingness to listen to and accept one another. Relationships with children are especially tender and deserve extra attention and care as children are developing their concepts of the world and their place in it. Children look to the relationships with caring adults in their lives to answer many questions. They want to know, Do I belong? Am I doing all right? Do you see who I am? and Am I safe with you? They may not ask these questions with words, but they are looking to their relationships for the answers. Its important that you communicate how much you enjoy having the child or young adult you want to build a relationship with in your life. You can do this simply by giving the priority to the child or young person and leave everything else for a moment and giving them your full attention and a warm look. Show the child or young person or adult that you are pleased and fully attentive to whatever the child or young person presents. Youll be amazed where things go when we make time for them to unfold. In my practice we implement by giving the child the priority for example if I am writing the observation or busy in any activity and child comes to me . Then give the importance to child putting that activity aside for while and responding them positively. Explain how different social, professional and cultural contexts may affect relationships and the way people communicate. (1.3) Different social, professional and cultural contexts may affect relationships and the way people communicate because of a lack of understanding of one anothers background and or/culture. There are several behaviours that may be perceived differently by people. When communicating with others we need to consider the context in which we are working, we need to adapt the way we communicate in different situations. We should also remember that different cultures will have their own norms of behaviour which may extend to gestures, body language and eye contact. Explain the skills needed to communicate with children, young person and adult. (2.1) As a TA You have to demonstrate many skills while communicating with the children , young person and adult. It is really important that you give the opportunities to the children , young person or adult to talk about their views or any concerns .for example in my practice we done an activity regarding the expression or how you are feeling today ? after finishing the activity we gave the chance to every child if he/ she wants to discuss how is he feeling today and why? . You have show the respect to their views by active listening and valuing their views. While you were listening them make sure to have an eye contact and if communicating with child show your interest by saying different expressive work like thats sound amazing or praising them if they are telling about their good act .you have to get down to their level while communicating with the children. Get involved with children while communicating for example if the child is talking about a story book ask different question like what is your favourite character , did your like the story ? , Which part you find interesting in the book? Explain how to adapt communication with children and young people for: the age of child or young person , the context of communication and communication differences.(2.2) We have to adapt different way of communication with children and young people . As children of different ages will have various levels of attention and requirements than that of an older child, younger children who are starting school will require lots of support and reassurance in order for them to adjust to a school environment and develop their independence. As a TA You can do with this by praising and encouraging the child to build up good relationship and friendships with other children or children they may not usually associate with. When communicating with younger children it is really very important that we make an eye contact with the child and use simple instructions broken down into manageable steps. With some children with educational needs you may have to use alternative forms of communication like in our practice we use hands gestures, pictures or symbols. With an older child they still require lots of encouragement, praise and approval in order to improve their social skills. We also need to give older children opportunity to talk and express their views and opinions and it is vital that you make them feel that you are interested in listening to them. An older child still needs to understand boundaries and behaviour expected from them. The context of the communication; We have to change the verbal communication according to the situation we find ourselves in when with children or young people. If we are working in a more social location in school . For example in my practice when are in the playground or outside area then we use to communicate the children in very friendly way involve in what they are playing by giving different ideas of games they can play. It will gives us the opportunity to build relationships with the children. In a situation such as a learning activity or if I am working with target groups then it is important that the children are focused and can work without any distractions in order to complete the activity. At that time my way communicating with children will be forma, firm and proficient as I am working are in class and in an educational environment When working with children or young people with communication difficulties it is vital that we ensure patience and understanding as they will need to take more time . If a child has a speech difficulties such as stammer then they could feel anxious or nervous when trying to say something so it is important that we try not to speak for them or guess what they are trying to say as this may add to their anxiety. In my practice we use the resources such as PECS (picture exchange communication system) which is a form of alternative communication which uses pictures instead of words. And also use Makaton; a simple form of sign language which uses signs and picture symbols as well as speech. Explain the main differences between the communication with children and young people. (2.3) When communicating with the children, the language used should be appropriate to their age and understanding. Children need simpler terms than young person and also need to think of concentration levels and attention spans. Make sue that you never interrupt children and never dismiss anything they are saying; this will only lower their self esteem. Never laugh or hurry them when they are speaking. Active listening, taking note of their views and opinions. Showing smile and being polite to them. Provide the opportunities to young children to develop the communications skills, taking their ages in your mind. Use of non verbal communication, written communication like grammar and handwriting We can also communicate with them in formal or informal language, they are more self conscious when speaking in front of others. If Young person who have difficulty in social skills, adults communicate with using good manners may help building up social skills. Explain how to adapt communication to meet different communication needs of adults.(2.4) Communication with the adults, use the respectable language , When we are communicating with adults it is important to address them by their preferred title this in turn is showing respect. It is important for them to feel comfortable with you, especially since you are going to be working closely with them in the classroom, In my practice we reinforce that by showing respect their views and ideas. We also encourage the courteous and polite way of communication in my practice. As a TA I provide all support they might need in the classroom or around school. This will make it easier to work in a team and therefore less likely to cause friction in the setting, this will also make you a good role model for children as well as the adults. Explain how to manage the disagreements with children , young people and adults. (2.5) Everyday kinds of conflict that happen all the time in schools . However to deal with these disagreement you should follow the school policy and procedures, You should not to deny them help if they want it, but to give them as much opportunity to sort out their problems for themselves without taking over and doing it for them. In most circumstances the schools use procedure guide line that could be listen calmly to the both sides, You Should encourage them to reflect I can see you are very upset. I can understand why you are annoyed. As a TA you should give the child opportunity to resolve the problem for him/herself Is this something you can sort out for yourself or do you need my help? . Listens carefully to both sides, while insisting that each side respects the others opportunity to speak. If you are working with nursery children and they squabbling over something suppose a Push chair, you should first wait and see if they can resolve or sort it by themselves often children do. However if they are unable to sort it then you can step in and ask both children and then putting their ages into your mind you can explain them: 1. If there are two prams so they can both play with prams or 2. If there is only one pram so I will explain they have a choice, they can either play (and share) together and one push, whilst the other holds on, on one side and then swap over or 3. They must decide who is going to play with it on their own for a few minutes often the older/more able child is able to understand that they will have a turn very soon. Explain that you will make a note of the time if they choose this option. This is a good time to explain that it is much more fun to share because they have a friend to play with, very rarely have I found that a child wants to play alone unless of course they are very young and are not at the stage where they are looking to form relationships Another example in my practice I recently come up with a disagreement between two children. They are arguing on the scarf claiming that it belongs to both of them, then they come to me by saying that this scarf belongs to me and child b is also saying this scarf belongs to me. I said to them I have to speak them one by one and listened to them then we decided to go the coat pegs to make sure if they had a same scarf , by going their and having conversation with both children we come up with one thing that one child has a name on his scarf. After that we checked on the peg and found another scarf with the name , and they both got their scarf and disagreement is resolved. Summarise the main points of legislation and procedures covering confidentiality, data protection and the disclosure of information.(3.1) Every Adult who is working with the children or young people should have the knowledge of the legislations and how they are using in their practice. As a TA my responsibility is to keep the information confidential and record it wherever needed. In our practice we reinforce it by using the data protection act 1998 as a guide for our school procedures. All staff use this and follow that guideline. In my practice if a parent come to me and discuss any medical condition regarding the child I always record in our class book and make a copy for sence as well. I pass on that information to the teacher or Senco, depending on child educational needs. We are not allowed to discuss any school records with the parents or any other member of staff. In school we can gather some information about the child which is related to needs in the school such as dietary needs or any allergies child may have, any educational needs, medical information like if a child have to take any medication during the school time or any medical condition which can effect the child education . As a Ta you cannot disclose any information as this is the breach of confidentiality .You can only do this when it is need to know situation like a child has some medical needs which have to cover in the school by doing the parent consent. Explain the importance of reassuring children, young people and adults of the confidentiality of shared information and the limits of this. (3.2) Children, young people and adults need to know confidentiality will be honoured unless their, or others safety and well-being is threatened, a crime has or is likely to be committed, and a professionals knowledge of and access to the child, young person or adults information will not be abused, in the same way that it is important for professionals to understand how important shared information is, where and how its stored, transported and disclosed to other appropriate professionals. The school has a Confidentiality Policy, which all staff needs to be aware of, this sets out the schools aims and objectives relating confidentiality and gives guidelines on how to handle confidential information. The Data Protection Act 1998 states that any organisation holding confidential information should be registered with the Data Protection Commission. The Act gives eight principles of practice that govern the use of personal information. Such information must be processed fairly and lawfully, we can only use it for the purpose for which was gathered. It should be adequate, relevant and not excessive, also very accurate and kept no longer than necessary. The information should be processed in line with the individuals rights and kept it in secure place and discard it when it is not necessary. Justify the kinds of situation when confidentiality protocols must be breached. (3.3) As a TA when you work with children and young people will come to know most of the personal information like date of birth, address and contact details and also sensitive information like behavioural issues, some medical information, family background, whether parents are divorcing and so on. It is the responsibility of the adult to keep this information confidential. You must protect the identity of the child they work with and that of their families and carers. You must do everything in their power to protect the privacy of every child and adult. This can be done by keeping their personal information safe and secure. You can pass it on those who have authorised and legitimate reason to have the information only after they have permission from their parents and carers. This involves parents signing a consent form. If parents refuse permission then the school would not able to pass on the information even if it involves a behavioural specialist working with a child who has special needs.

Steroid Use in Professional Sports :: Athletics Drugs Papers

Steroid Use in Professional Sports For fans, the issue of steroid use in professional sports is one of growing concern. Professional athletes were once hailed as roll models for young Americans, now there is an asterisk next to many names once idolized. Is he legitimately getting bigger, faster, and stronger? Is he one of the league’s best, strictly due to his talent and work ethic alone? Or is he one of â€Å"those guys†? Maybe former NBA great, Charles Barkley, had it right when he said, â€Å"I am not a roll model.† But maybe, just maybe, these men and women have a responsibility to the kids who adore them to do the right thing; to compete at the highest level with absolute legitimacy in the way they go about doing it. Maybe they are roll models and because they are, they must conduct themselves in a way that is respectable and â€Å"right†. The problem of steroid use in professional sports is perpetuated because the current testing policies in such leagues as Major League Baseball are n ot strict or comprehensive enough to curb the benefits athletes gain from steroid use. They have sub-par policies and are conducting sub-par testing practices. Since we cannot count on the athletes themselves to rid the leagues of this problem, the leagues need to take steroids on and defeat it with stricter regulations. Testing of steroids is simply ineffective in professional sports and until something is done the negative influence it has upon America’s youth will continue to grow. Anabolic steroids, which can be taken as a pill or as an injection, are a derivative of and mimic the effects of the male sex hormone testosterone. Both men and women naturally produce testosterone, although women make very small amounts in comparison to men. Testosterone's role in the body is two-fold: first, it maintains the male reproductive system, including production and maintenance of the male sexual characteristics of a deeper voice, greater amounts of body hair, larger body size, and greater muscle mass. Second, for a short period of time at the onset of puberty in young men, testosterone production rises dramatically to stimulate the bulk of the male physical maturation process which leads to full bone growth, deepening voice, and growth of facial hair. It is this ability to promote muscle growth, increase lean body mass, and decrease body fat that entices teenagers to take anabolic steroids.

Confederate States Of America Essay -- essays papers

Confederate States Of America Confederate States of America, the name adopted by the federation of 11 slave holding Southern states of the United States that seceded from the Union and were arrayed against the national government during the American Civil War. Immediately after confirmation of the election of Abraham Lincoln as president, the legislature of South Carolina convened. In a unanimous vote on December 20, 1860, the state seceded from the Union. During the next two months ordinances of secession were adopted by the states of Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. President James Buchanan, in the last days of his administration, declared that the federal government would not forcibly prevent the secessions. In February 1861, the seceding states sent representatives to a convention in Montgomery, Alabama. The convention, presided over by Howell Cobb of Georgia, adopted a provisional constitution and chose Jefferson Davis of Mississippi as provisional president and Alexander Hamilton Stephens of Georgia as provisional vice president. The convention, on March 11, 1861, unanimously ratified a permanent constitution. The constitution, which closely resembled the federal Constitution, prohibited the African slave trade but allowed interstate commerce in slaves. Jefferson Davis (1808-89), first and only president of the Confederate States of America (1861-65). Davis was born on June 3, 1808, in Christian (now Todd) County, Kentucky, and educated at Transylvania University, Lexington, Kentucky, and at the U.S. Military Academy. After his graduation in 1828, he saw frontier service until ill health forced his resignation from the army in 1835. He was a planter in Mississippi from 1835 to 1845, when he was elected to the U.S. Congress. In 1846 he resigned his seat in order to serve in the Mexican War and fought at Monterrey and Buena Vista, where he was wounded. He was U.S. senator from Mississippi from 1847 to 1851, secretary of war in the cabinet of President Franklin Pierce from 1853 to 1857, and again U.S. senator from 1857 to 1861. As a senator he often stated his support of slavery and of states' rights, and as a cabinet member he influenced Pierce to sign the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which favored the South and increased the bitterness of the struggle over slavery. In his second term as senator he became t... ...llion; those of the North at $331 million. It was thus obvious that the South was dependent on Europe and on the North for material goods. The lack of resources forced the Confederacy to levy war taxes and borrow heavily on future cotton crops. An inflationary period in 1863 and later government actions almost destroyed the Confederate credit. In addition the South was hampered by the lack of powder mills and of suitable iron works; only one plant, the Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond, was equipped to turn out large field guns. The railroad system was inadequately developed and equipped, and although the South made desperate attempts to maintain itself in a battle against overwhelming odds, the struggles left it financially and industrially ruined at the close of the Civil War. The process of restoring the Confederacy to the Union was called Reconstruction . The U.S. Supreme Court, in 1869, in the case of Texas v. White, declared secession unconstitutional. Bibliography 1. Compton’s Online Encyclopedia 2. America Is, Merrill Publishing Company and Bell and Howell Company, 1987, Columbus, Ohio 3. The American Nation, Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1994

Catcher In The Rye :: essays research papers

Catcher in the Rye... J.D. Salinger’s, The Catcher in the Rye, is one of the most well-known novels of the past fifty years. It’s a story about a kid named Hold Caulfield who experiences some interesting things and people. From having breakfast with a couple of nuns, to hooking up with a prostitute, to getting kicked out of school, Holden handles each situation the best way he can. Some of the people Holden meets, he likes, but the type of people Holden can’s stand are the ‘phonies.’ Holden met a lot of phonies in his lifetime. Holden lived in a dorm that was named after a phony, he heard a phony playing a piano, and he met his date’s phony friend. Holden went to a boarding school named Pencey Prep. There, Holden lived in the Ossenburger Memorial Wing which is the name for the new dorms. The hall was only for juniors and seniors. The dorms were named after this guy named Ossenburger who also went to Pencey a long time ago. After Ossenburger got out of Pencey, he made a lot of money in the undertaking business. After making a bundle of dough, Ossenburger gave some of it to Pencey and that’s why the new wing of the dorms are named after him. Then the next morning, Ossenburger gave a speech to the students of Pencey Prep about how he was never ashamed when he was in some kind of trouble or something that Ossenburger would get right down on his knees and pray to God. Ossenburger kept on rambling bout how you should always pray to God and to talk to God wherever you were. Ossenburger said think of him as your buddy. Holden got a kick out of his speech. Holden could â€Å"just see the big phony bastard... asking Jesus to send him a few more stiffs.† Holden next went to this night club called Ernie’s. Holden was going there for a few drinks. Even though it was so late, the club was jam-packed. Ernie, the piano player, was playing some tune that Holden couldn’t recognize. Ernie was putting all these high notes, show-offy ripples in the high notes, and a lot of other tricky stuff that Holden thought was dumb. The crowd was going crazy for Ernie though, clapping and all that. â€Å"Old Ernie turned around on his stool and gave this very phony, humble bow.† Holden thought Ernie’s snobbish attitude was so phony but Holden felt kind of sorry for Ernie. Holden doesn’t even think that Ernie knows when he’s playing the tunes right or not. The last phony Holden met was while

Pearson Education Essay

Training an individual requires that the teacher observes methods through which that person best understands the information being relayed. These methods must be in line with the learning styles of the trainee. Training requires sound knowledge on the subject area. The essence is to acquire knowledge and skills that transforms one’s capability to undertake a task. Training is affected by motivation, the trainer-trainee relationship, availability of resources, prior knowledge and perception (United Nations, 2001). Every trainee has a unique way of acquiring knowledge based on the learning style adopted. These categorizes learners into visual, auditory and kinesthetic or physical learners. Though one may combine all these styles, it is important to maximize on the style one is best in. A trainer may present knowledge through talking. Teachers are commonly known to adopt this kind of style where they lecture students. The key factors to consider when employing such skills include tone of voice, body language and inflection. This is appropriate for auditory learners who understand when instructions are read aloud, information is communicated verbally or speeches are required (Farwell, 2000). Auditory training requires some background sound. These could be some form of music, people talking or TV. Written instructions prove difficult for such learners to get until they are verbalized. Suck kind of learners use their listening and repeating skills in sorting the information acquired. To enhance knowledge acquisition among auditory learners, then the trainer needs to employ adequate verbal direction. They are better trained when they are placed into groups where they can discuss. Being alone limits them to written materials only. In group discussions, they air out their ideas and acquire knowledge from the other members of the group verbally. Therefore, verbal communication and group activities should be encouraged. Reading aloud helps such learners quickly understand what is being relayed. In fact, such learners have most of their work transformed into rhythmic patterns like songs and poems. The trainer should encourage this category of learners to make audio recordings of class note and listen to them when revising. Their memories are refreshed when they listen to what was said or internally recalling the voice of the trainer. As such, they should be allowed to participate in class discussions actively. They should be given room to ask questions and volunteer to answer any questions raised in the class. When tackling their assignments, they should be allowed to read them allowed as it is the only way to be assured of their understanding. When alone, auditory learners are encouraged to whisper new information. Training requires adequate skills in visual learning. This is the kind of training where the trainer has to employ images, maps, graphs or colors to pass across the intended message. A trainer should therefore befriend whiteboards, have some good sense of dressing and color balance. Learners in this category tend to also have adequate spatial skills. Therefore, training such individuals requires adequate use of maps. The trainer should try linking verbal and visual information. This will help the learner with critical thinking where the learner relates a visual object to recall any details. Therefore, even in comprehension of more complex information, the student recalls an object and connects it to the new idea. The trainer should provide such learners with visual data that will allow the students to organize large volumes of information which will aid in revealing relationships and patterns. Here, the trainees are allowed to create graphic organizers like webs, diagrams and concept maps by using symbols containing words for clarity. Visual learners are very good with sign language and they like fashion and colors. Trainers should assist learners come up with lists of things to do, written note or assignment logs (Farwell, 2000). Fleming (2005) suggest that trainers should not use listening and respond tests for this category of learners. Trainers in kindergarten employ feeling, touching and experiencing to train children. This has not only worked well with kindergarten teachers but all trainers in general. The trainer should allow these students to totally engage with the learning activities. Proper organization must be made for such learners to access science laboratories or participate in dance, skits, field trips or other related activities. Such physical activities are very important in learning for these students. They are said to be naturally discoverers and learn through doing unlike thinking first before action. To identify kinesthetic or physical or tactile learners, a trainer should identify traits such as poor handwriting, good sporting skills and restlessness. These learners also like role playing, science laboratories, takes breaks when studying, build models and are always fidget. It is therefore advisable that a trainer allows such learners to have breaks in between their studies, take laboratory classes, study with others, use memory games and use flash cards to memorize. Movement explorations have proved to work for this kind of training. Clapping or tapping out syllables or words have worked well in this circumstance. Concrete objects should be used for establishing patterns or counting. Children should be allowed to move heavy objects on number lines on the floor. They should be given short definitions, multiple choices and fill-ins. Long tests and essays do not work well with them (Fleming, 2005). The earliest form of training was on-job-training. This one involves being trained by a skilled worker on the job site. It is still being used today as it does not require organized lessons or programs. It is therefore cost effective. In the 5th century, training was done through conceptual case studies. Students in China for instance were given parables by Taoists and Confusionists so that they come up with solutions. Today, professional school highly employ these methods. It encourages philosophical thinking and finding solutions to difficult problems without first-hand experience. Nowadays, theories of development, psychology and training are employed. Among great contributors to motivational theories used in training are Abraham Maslow and Herzberg Fredrick. These assisted organizational managers to create working environment that meets the demand for workers’ basic needs. Workers who have their basic needs catered for deliver good results in their workplaces thus helping in the growth of an organization. These stages were chosen as they exhibit great variability in the mode of training. Each stage presents a unique way of training form the previous method. These developments give trainers a wide range of training styles to apply since all the styles are still applicable even in the modern world. Studies show that adults learn like children. Therefore, all the training styles used by children can be applied for adults. The trainer must divert from the â€Å"tell-me† style of training to the â€Å"show-me† style. Visual training is important for adult education just as it is for children. They should be incorporated in the process and made to feel they are part of it. Emphasis should be on doing. This incorporation in discussions and activities help in keeping memory fresh. In fact, lectures should be minimized and emphasis laid on involvement kind of training. In conclusion, the meanings of critical terms associated with training will be defined. First is education. All the activities involved in teaching and learning of technical competency, knowledge and proper conduct constitute the term education. It aims at cultivating skills, professions or trades. It is the process that leads to moral, mental and aesthetic development. It encompasses systematic instructions and teaching. Training is defined as the process of acquiring competencies, knowledge and skills due to teachings on practical or vocational skills and knowledge. Learning is the process that leads to the acquisition of knowledge and skills from perceived information. Adult education is the process of teaching and educating adults. REFERENCE Farwell, T. (2000). Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic Learners. Pearson Education Inc. Fleming, G. (2005). Tactile Learning. Retrieved October 2, 2008 from . United Nations (2001). Train the Trainer, Training Fundamentals: Instructor’s Reference Manual. New York, pp. 15-18.

Analysis of Variance Essay

How would you explain the analysis of variance, assuming that your audience has not had a statistics class before? When one does a study of data, generally this implies an evaluation of the â€Å"mean† or average of that data. .i.e. What is the average time it takes a 5th grader to complete his final math exam? A t test is used to test differences between two means. i.e. the mean of the experiment group vs a control group. An ANOVA test, on the other hand, is indicated when there are three or more means or populations to be examined. When only two samples are looked at, the t test and ANOVA test will yield the same results. Beyond two examples, the t test can be used to evaluate other means using many t tests, but this method becomes unreliable and subject to increased error. ANOVA or analysis of variance allows one to use statistics to test the differences between two or more means and decreases the probability for a type 1 error, which might occur when looking at multiple two-sample t tests. This is why use of the ANOVA is indicated for testing hypotheses where there are multiple means or populations. ANOVAs essentially takes the t test and applies it when testing or comparing three or more groups, means or variables. Example experiment: Study different types of protein consumption on weight gain. Is the effect of each type of protein consumption on weight gain significantly similar or different? 50 men total, 10 men per group, each group fed equal amount of protein calories but from different type of protein classification. One way ANOVA – looking at effect of 5 different feeding strategies to increase weight gain. (i.e. high natural red meat protein diet, high vegetable protein diet, high protein powder diet, high fish protein diet, etc.). This is a one way ANOVA study because there is only one category (protein) that will be examined, as it relates to its effect on weight gain. It is balanced as there are an equal number of men (10) consuming the same type of protein. Simplistically put, the study will give us information as to whether or not each type of protein produces similar or different results (weight gain). Two way ANOVA, as the name implies, includes the addition of a second variable that may be looked at as affecting weight gain. i.e. amount of exercise. Three way ANOVA, as the name implies, includes the addition of a third variable. i.e. consumption of â€Å"other calories†. In the end, the experiment may lead one to conclude that different types of protein consumption leads to weight gain. Unfortunately, experiments are never that cut and dry, and there are always other variables that must be accounted for. There is what’s called â€Å"error† due to â€Å"chance† and â€Å"beyond human control† or â€Å"variation† associated with â€Å"assignable causes†. An F test must be used to compare these errors and/or variations, to determine if the population variances are the same or different. If the variances are the same or equal, the F ratio will be 1. This will allow one to complete their study / experiment and make final conclusions. References: https://explorable.com/anova http://onlinestatbook.com/2/analysis_of_variance/intro.html https://people.richland.edu/james/lecture/m170/ch13-f.html

‘On My First Sonne’ by Ben Johnson and ‘Mother Any Distance’ by Simon Armitage Essay

From reading ‘On My First Sonne’ by Ben Johnson and ‘Mother Any Distance’ by Simon Armitage I can see that both of these poems are based on a parent/ child relationship. There are two main types of relationships one is where two things interact an example of this could be a car on a road. This would show us how us how the two things would fit with each other. The other type of relationship which we could have would be things such as Marriage, by Blood etc. In the Poem Mother Any Distance the relationship in it is both of those two described above because there is a relationship between the two people which is very straight forward who could be measuring and there the close relationship between the mother and son by blood. In Mother Any Distance both of the parties are still alive therefore the relationship between the two parties is able to continue, therefore the relationship between the two is able to change through out their live. Where as in On My First Sonne one of the parties is dead this then leading into a fixed relationship between the two existing in the memory of one. By looking at both of these poems I can see that the structures of these two poems are completely different. When looking at it for the first time you can clearly see that Mother Any Distance has three stanzas where as On My First Sonne there is only one stanza. By reading the poem On My First Sonne the one stanza completely makes sense, but if you just read one stanza in isolation in Mother Any Distance you can get different views about the situation depending on which stanza you read. If you read all three stanzas (as the poet intended), it changes again showing that there is a relationship between the three stanzas. In On My First Sonne you can see that there are rhyming couplets throughout the poem. Whereas in Mother Any Distance there is only two sets of rhyming couplets this is at the end of the first stanza and at the end of the third stanza which seems to finish the poem with a flourish. In this poem I can see that there are internal rhymes some of the lines rhyme and some do not. Old things such as God and fate are used in the poem On My First Sonne. This shows us that this poem is older than Mother Any Distance. In Mother Any Distance things are slightly more modern such as ‘Space Walk’. On My First Sonne there is a lot of rhetorical questions such as ‘ O, could I loose all Father, now.’ There is a use of enjambment in the one poem Mother Any Distance ‘ up the stairs, the line still feeding out, unreeling years between us. Anchor. Kite.’ This is enjambment because you could jus read the line saying ‘ up the stairs, the line still feeding out, unreeling’ this would make perfect sense in which the context it is used in but, if continue to read onto the next line without stopping it still makes sense. Both poems are clearly a conversation between the writer and the subject of the poem. Because, Ben Johnson is talking to his dead son and Simon Armitage is talking to his mother. Mother Any Distance uses a extended metaphor which is the tape measure. The ways in which he is able to do this is by explaining the emotional distance between his mother and himself and by explaining how to measure a room, ‘unreeling years between us’. In My First Sonne there is also a extended metaphor which is the loan of his child from god ‘Seven yeeres tho’wert lent to me and I thee pay’. When reading Mother Any Distance I get a powerful image of the son space walking through the empty bedrooms. The language in both of these poems is completely different this could be to the fact that they were completely different people but the main reason is due to the fact that they both lived in completely different worlds. Sonne uses words like ‘yeeres’ and ‘miserie’ which are Middle English words whereas the words in Mother are Modern English words. In Mother Any Distance the words that stood out to me where ‘Anchor. Kite.’ This stood out to me due to the fact that these two items are completely different to each other and sum up the whole poem. The words that stood out the most to me in On My First Sonne were ‘and fleshes rage,’ this caught my eye because the expression ‘fleshes rage’ is more powerful than just using the words growing old. ‘To have so soone scap’d worlds’ quoted in line 7 in On My First Sonne is alliteration. The themes of the poems are the same because they are both writing about their feelings towards a blood relative. They both express their feelings of loss towards someone for whom they feel affection. However in some ways the poems are quiet different this being due to the fact that in ‘On My First Sonne’ Ben Johnson is the father who has lost a blood relative whereas in Mother Any Distance it is the child who is losing a blood relative. The difference being is that Ben Johnson blames himself for the tragic incident because that is generally what parents do, ‘My sinne was too much hope of thee’. Simon Armitage is the child and does not blame anyone for the what is happing he just believes that it is the way of life. On My First Sonne Ben Johnson has no doubt about how he feels about his son whereas in Mother Any Distance Simon Armitage is unsure about how he feels for his mother. Both of these poems don’t really make me feel anything in particular, but I did feel some sympathy for the mother in Mother any Distance. I did feel sympathy because I think that the mother probably didn’t understand how her son was feeling about her. On the other hand I do feel some empathy for Ben Johnson in On My First Sonne this was due to the fact that I have also lost a blood relative in my life. This means that I was able to connect to the poem easily because I was able to put myself in his situation. I hope that my relative has found ‘ Rest In Soft Peace’. I had a preference for Mother Any Distance due to the fact that the language was more modern and was easier for me to understand. This was probably because it was written by a younger person and it was also written a long time after the other poem.